Statistics Indonesia
From the Sky to the Ground:
Mapping Child Deprivation via Satellite
Application in Java, Indonesia
In the sprawling tapestry of a vibrant cityscape, where skyscrapers reached for the heavens and the streets pulsated with the lively rhythm of urban life, an unseen narrative wove its story beneath the shadows.
Narrow alleyways crisscrossed through the shadows of towering structures, revealing a world of economic struggle and unyielding dreams.
In our exploration, we shed light on the interconnected challenges that arise when children lack access to basic needs like education, health services, and economic support.
It emphasizes the pressing need to address these issues for a brighter, more equitable future, where the insights gained from satellite imagery serve as a catalyst for positive change.
Child Deprivation
Child deprivation is closely related to poverty, leading children to lack access to basic needs such as education, health, economics, and social services.
Economy
Education
Health
Social Services
Statistics Indonesia
As a commitment to sustainable development, BPS-Statistics Indonesia provides poverty data to support the first goal of the SDG. However, the current data can not accurately identify the deprivation of children in poor households to provide targeted aid.
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
SDG 1
”Children are our most valuable resource and the best hope for the future.”
The official poverty statistics in Indonesia are currently presented at the regencies or city level, which overlooks the diverse conditions across the various regions within the 34 provinces.
56.1 %
Java Island, home to 56.1 % of Indonesia's population, comprises six provinces,
including Yogyakarta.
Yogyakarta Province has the second highest human development index after the capital city of DKI Jakarta
Nevertheless, Yogyakarta ranks among the top 3 provinces in Java Island with the highest poverty rates, following West Java. Additionally, in 2015, as many as 47% of children experienced deprivation in two dimensions of non-income poverty or more.
Satellite Imagery
The Copernicus Earth Observation Program, initiated by the European Space Agency on March 22, 2014, allows for detailed study of the Earth's surface. Using sensors on the Sentinel satellites, this program collects images to analyze vegetation, land use, and water bodies. For example, the Sentinel-2 satellite helps identify areas of vegetation, land usage, and water, while night light data from the VIIRS satellite indicates economic activities in 1 km² areas. This is especially useful for overcoming limitations in survey data collection.
The program uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Sentinel-2 to monitor land uses like residential, industrial, and agricultural areas and observe changes such as urban growth. NDVI can even locate agricultural areas within a 1 km² range. Similarly, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) from Sentinel-2 maps urban areas and changes in land use, indicating children's access to public facilities. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is used to detect water bodies and assess water quality for child development.
This satellite-derived data, renowned for its precision, serves to pinpoint areas where children are most in need by charting their access to education, healthcare, and economic resources at a 1 km² resolution. Employing machine learning techniques, this innovative approach estimates the proportion of children requiring assistance in these regions, a task traditionally challenging with conventional data collection methods.
The development of machine learning and the utilization of satellite image data make it possible to find child deprivation in the province of D.I. Yogyakarta and other regions in Java at the level of estimating 1 km².
Child Deprivation Rate (CDR)
The 1 km² area depicted represents children who suffer from a lack of access to education, health, and economic facilities. In the Sleman Regency, there are three grids with the lowest percentage of deprived children in the Yogyakarta Province.
The three grids with the lowest percentage of the Child Deprivation Rate (CDR) scores between 9.57% and 9.58% in in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province. Meanwhile, in 2020, Sleman Regency had a poverty rate of 8.12% in 2020.
Pondok Jaya Permai Cluster, situated in the grid with the lowest CDR percentage in Yogyakarta, records a score of 9.8%. This means that 9 to 10 out of 100 children aged 0-17 years in this area experience deprivation of access to education, health, and economic facilities.
It takes 16 minutes to elementary school (Sd n Ngemplak 1), 18 minutes to junior high school and (SMP Negeri 1 Ngemplak) high school (SMA Negeri 1 Ngemplak) on foot or 7 minutes by car with a distance of 1.4 - 3 km.
It takes 15 minutes to the pharmacy (Apotik Widigdo 3), 22 minutes to the health center (PuskesmasNgemplak 2), 35 minutes to the hospital (Mitra Medika Hospital) on foot or 3-7 minutes by car with a distance of 1.4 - 2.8 km.
It takes 7 minutes to the market (Saparan Ki Ageng Wonolelo Traditional Festival Night Market (550m) 2 minutes), 1 minute to the financial counter (mandiri bank partner (Rpk Arum Sari) ), 3 minutes to entertainment facilities (Pondok Wonolelo Tourism Village) on foot or 1 minute by car with a distance of 280-550 m.
The three grids with the highest percentage of the Child Deprivation Rate (CDR) scores between 20.1% and 20.3% in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province. Meanwhile, by 2020, Gunungkidul Regency has a poverty rate of 17,07% by 2020.
Dusun Sureng 2, situated in the grid with the highest CDR percentage in Yogyakarta, records a score of 20.3%. This means that 20 out of 100 children aged 0-17 years in this area experience deprivation of access to education, health, and economic facilities.
It takes 28-34 minutes to elementary school (sdn tepus - Sd muhammadiyah), 53 minutes to junior high school (SMP Sanjaya Tepus) and 176 minutes to high school (SMK Muhammadiyah) on foot or 8-25minutes by car with a distance of 1.8 - 13.1 km.
It takes 150 minutes to the pharmacy (Apotik Bintaos) and 95-151 minutes to the health center (PuskesmasPembantu Tepus-HealthCenter Pembantu Sumberwungu) on foot or 14 - 27 minutes by car with a distance of 6.8 - 11.3 km.
It takes 81 minutes to the market (Market Tepus and Indomaret Tepus) on foot or 12 minutes by car with a distance of 5.6 km.
The utilization of satellite imagery data and machine learning modeling can pinpoint the locations of deprived children in basic needs at a granular level and potentially serve as a supportive dataset for more detailed official statistical data.
